The players cast and play alternately throughout the game; with the exception of when a player cannot make a legal move when they, therefore, forfeit their turn.
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A player makes a point by having two or more of their pieces on that point – ‘owning’ it. Their opponent cannot come to rest on nor touch down on that point when taking the combined total of their dice with one man.
When a player has made six consecutive points, they have completed a prime. An opponent’s piece caught behind a prime cannot move past – because a piece cannot be moved more than six spaces at a time – the highest number on a die.
A single piece on a point is a blot. If a player moves a piece onto an opponent’s blot or touches down on it while moving the combined total of their cast, the blot is hit, the piece is moved from the board and put on the bar. A piece that has been hit must return to play in the opponent’s home board. The player may not make any other move until they have brought the piece on the bar back into play. To re-enter, the piece is put on a point that is equal to the number on one of the dice cast, if that point is not ‘owned’ by their opponent.
A player who makes all six points on their home board has a ‘closed board.’ If their opponent has any pieces on the bar, they cannot re-enter since there is no vacant point in their opponent’s home board. Until a point is opened up on that home board, the player forfeits their roll. He doesn’t, however, lose his turn; and, can double his opponent prior to any of their opponent’s rolls – presuming the cube is centered or on their side.
Each player is required to make their complete move if there is any way to do so. If they can take either of the numbers but not both, they must take the higher number first, the lower number if that’s not possible.
A player can begin to bear off when they have brought all their men into their home board. Once a piece is borne off they are not returned to play. If there are pieces on the bar or outside a player’s home board, they cannot bear of pieces. For example, if a player is bearing off and leaves a blot that is hit by their opponent, sending that piece to the bar; that piece must return to play on the opponent’s home board, be brought around into the player’s home board before they can return to bearing off pieces, again.
To bear off, remove pieces from the points corresponding to the numbers of the dice that are cast. A player is not required to remove their piece, however. They may move a piece inside their home board the number of space equal to the number on the die.
If a number higher than a player’s highest point on which they have a piece is rolled, that number can apply to their highest occupied point. For example, if they roll 5-2 and their 5-point is already cleared but they have a piece on the 4-point, they can use their 5 to bear off a piece from their 4-point.
When a player bears off all 15 of their pieces before their opponent bears off a single piece, that player wins a gammon, or double game.
When a players bears off all 15 of their pieces before their opponent bears off a single piece and that opponent has one or more pieces in the player’s home board or on the bar, that player wins a backgammon, or a triple game.
There are variants to the basic rules of backgammon. The Crawford rule is universally used in match play. For example, if your opponent is ahead of you and they get to _____points, you are not allowed to use the doubling cube in the next game, only. Regular play resumes thereafter.
Another, the Jacoby rule, is used in money games – stating that a gammon or backgammon may not be scored as such unless the cube has been passed and accepted. The purpose is to speed up play by ending long, undoubled games. The Jacoby rule is not used in match play.
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